WARSAW 1944 By NPC WAR
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FOTON was the brand name of Warszawskie Zaklady Fototechniczne (Warsaw Phototechnical works) a Polish state owned enterprise established in 1949 in Warsaw producing photographic film. The company was established in a surviving building from the former Jozef Franaszek works on Ul. Wolska (Wolska Street) which had produced photographic and other specialised paper. The Franaszek works was burnt out in the Wola massacre in 1944 during the Warsaw Uprising.
1910-1963: Within the Central Decimal File, the file category "123" contains personnel-type documentation on individuals serving in the Foreign Service. Some files for the period through 1944 are arranged according to a cutter file number made up of a combination of letters and numbers (i.e. "123 St 41"); other earlier and all later files are simply arranged alphabetically by name (i.e. "123 Stewart, Nathaniel B."). Other file categories of an administrative nature may include documentation on personnel, too.
RG 59 - aircraft incidents files (Sam Klaus files), 1944-62 (paragraphs II.19-II.21). Witness statements, maps, charts, autopsy reports, photographs, and other records relating to various Cold War aircraft incidents.
II.19 Sam Klaus was Special Assistant to the Department of State Legal Advisor from 1946 to 1963. During those years, he had responsibility for representing the United States in various legal proceedings before the International Court of Justice. In the course of his research, he gathered evidence concerning Cold War aircraft "shoot down" incidents and detentions of American military personnel that involved the United States with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, and other--most Communist--nations. That documentation comprises most of the records in the aircraft incidents files (Sam Klaus files), 1944-62 (Lot File 64D551, 44 ft.). Specifically, this series consists of diplomatic correspondence, memorandums of conversations, witness statements (affidavits, interrogations, and interviews), reports, intelligence reports, autopsy findings, photographs, maps, charts, tracings, audiotape interviews, gun camera film, and a few artifacts that Klaus gathered for the purpose of reconstructing the background, facts, and sequence of events pertaining to numerous Cold War air confrontations and incidents that resulted in U.S. deaths or detentions.
II.125 The 22d U.S. Army Prisoner of War/Civilian Internee Information Center collected a number of documents that relate to American military personnel who were listed as prisoners of war or as missing in action from World War II through the Vietnam War. These records are organized into three series: unclassified records, ca. 1939-ca. 1976 (22 ft.); declassified "confidential" records, ca. 1944-ca. 1973 (15 ft.); and declassified "secret" records, ca. 1950-ca. 1975 (1 ft.). Reports and studies within these series focus on such topics ad the conduct, treatment, interrogation, and indoctrination of American POWs during the Korean War; POW resistance to Communist interrogation and indoctrination; the U.S. Army's performance of its POW repatriation responsibilities during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch; United Nations Command administration of POW programs and camps; development of an American interservice Code of Conduct following the Korean War; and the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, August 12, 1949. Other records include lists of United Nations Command servicemen classified as POWs and MIA during the Korean War; lists, correspondence, and newspaper clippings pertaining to United Nations Command military personnel who were not accounted for during the Korean War; reports and other records prepared by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission; and copies of the Korean War armistice agreement, with supplements. Considered as a whole, these records provide a detailed contemporary picture of what U.S. and allied military leaders were learning from the Korean War about such topics as: international law and prisoners of war; POW treatment, welfare, interrogation, and indoctrination; and the need for training of military personnel in POW survival and resistance.
IV. 11 Unedited black and white and color film, ca. 1920s-1980 (127 USMC), which is divided into 16 mm and 35 mm film format segments, contains extensive footage that documents military activities at Munsan-ni and Freedom Village in Korea, where United Nations Command prisoners of war were repatriated at the end of the Korean War. The 16 mm film footage of repatriation activities includes scenes that show American POWs arriving at Freedom Village during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch, receiving medical attention, being interviewed, eating, relaxing, processing through, and departing (16 mm series items numbered 127 USMC 1845 through 1847, 1898, 1912, 1914, 1944 and 1945). Several 35 mm motion picture films in this series provide additional coverage of Little Switch and Big Switch activities at Munsan-ni and Freedom Village (35 mm series items 127 USMC 1270 through 1274, 1293, 1305, 1344, 1371, 1373, 1382 through 1386, 1407, 1409, 1413, 1415, 1415 and 1422). These 35 mm items provide more coverage of individual Marine Corps POWs. Consequently, the names of many of these servicemen are featured as cross-reference headings in the 127 USMC subject catalog cards. (Surname heading cards are arranged alphabetically under "Personalities" in the 127 USMC subject card catalog.) The subject cards refer to specific 127 USMC master catalog card descriptions that provide content descriptions of each film in the 127 USMC series. In cases where subject catalog cards list POWs by name, the corresponding master catalog card will usually describe scenes in which that POW appears.
V.3 The series of color photographs of Signal Corps activity, 1944-82 (111 C) (ca. 450 ft. of original negatives, slides, and transparencies), provides images of combat, Army posts, equipment, guns and weapons, aircraft, military exercises, military units and Special Forces, medical facilities, military ceremonies, American and foreign prisoners of war, foreign landscapes and populations, foreign armies and equipment, and art work depicting World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. Typed captions appear on the back of prints. Most negatives, transparencies, and slides also have captions noted either on envelope jackets or on accompanying slips of paper. This series contains over 102,000 images, arranged by Signal Corps assigned "C" or "CC" numbers.
V.5 Several 111 C derivative series organize images into subject special categories. Negatives, slides, transparencies, and--in most cases--corresponding contact prints are filed in the primary 111 C series, but additional copies of relevant prints can be found in the derivative series. One of these series, the color print subject file, 1944-54 (111 CPF) (ca. 15 ft.), consists of approximately 3,500 color prints and some black and white prints made from color negatives and transparencies that document and publicize U.S. Army activities during and after World War II and the Korean War. These images are arranged by subject and include approximately 20 unique black and white photographic prints of Army POWs from the Korean War who were repatriated during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch. These images are filed under "Korea-POW-Exchange-'Little Switch'" and "Korea-POW-Exchange-'Big Switch'" (box 19). A 111 CPF subject, folder, and box list is available in the Still Picture Research Room. None of the other 111 C derivative series contain significant documentation pertaining to Korean War/Cold War POW/MIA research issues.
In 1936, 1940, and 1944, she was a Michigan delegate to the Democratic National Convention, at a time when it was rare for a woman to take that role in politics. She resigned shortly before the 1948 convention.
The Korps Commandotroepen can trace its history back to the Second World War and No.2 (Dutch) Troop of 10 (Inter Allied) Commando.[1] After the war, the Netherlands military organized its own Special Troops Regiment (Regiment Speciale Troepen) which included many veterans of 10 IA Commando. In 1950, after service in Indonesia fighting nationalist guerillas, the unit returned to the Netherlands and was renamed as Corps Commando Troops Korps Commandotroepen. The unit has battle honors for Arakan (1944), Nijmegen (1944), Eindhoven (1944), Vlissingen (1944), Westkapelle (1944), Djokjakarta (1948), and Central Sumatra (1948-1949).
Certainly, it is clear that the conduct of the foreign relations of the United States is *957 committed by the Constitution to the executive and legislative branches of the government and "the propriety of what may be done in the exercise of this political power is not subject to judicial inquiry or decision."[31] This is the basis of the Supreme Court decisions in the foreign relations cases traditionally viewed as raising political questions. In none of these cases did the Court refuse to consider whether the President's action had exceeded his constitutional authority. Instead it concluded that the President's decision was within his authority and therefore binding on the courts.[32] In the area of foreign relations, as in any other area, a court generally should not dismiss a case as a political question if the Constitution does not entrust resolution of the issue to a coordinate political branch or if the challenged governmental action is ultra vires. See Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 519, 548-49, 89 S. Ct. 1944, 23 L. Ed. 2d 491 (1969); United States v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 185 U.S. App.D.C. 254, 258-261, 567 F.2d 121, 125-28 (D.C. Cir. 1977). Unless the case raises other concerns of a prudential or functional nature, a judicial resolution under those circumstances requires no more than an interpretation of the Constitution a responsibility that beyond question lies with the courts.[33] 781b155fdc